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U_{quad}=U+V\cdot\mbox{cos}\omega t

a=\frac{8\cdot Q\cdot U}{m\cdot r_0^2\cdot\omega^2}

q=\frac{4\cdot Q\cdot V}{m\cdot r_0^2\cdot\omega^2}

U_{p}=k_{u}\cdot M\cdot r_0^2\cdot f^2

V_{p}=k_{v}\cdot M\cdot r_0^2\cdot f^2

M>\frac{k_{H}\cdot V}{r_0^2\cdot f^2}

N_{HF}\approx\frac{C}{Q}\cdot M^2\cdot f^5\cdot r_0^4

U= 1.2122 · 10-8 \frac{\mbox{kg}}{\mbox{A}\cdot\mbox{s}}\cdot M\cdot r_0^2\cdot f^2

V= 7.2226 · 10-8 \frac{\mbox{kg}}{\mbox{A}\cdot\mbox{s}}\cdot M\cdot r_0^2\cdot f^2

\frac{dM}{M}=\frac{2\cdot\delta r_0}{r_0}

I_{K+}=i_{\bar{}}\cdot I_{e}\cdot s\cdot p_{K}

Material	Temperature	Applicable gases	Remarks
Y2 O₃ / lr	1,300 °C	Inert gases, air / O₂, NO_x, SO_x	Short service life with halogens, insensitive to high O₂ concentrations, generates some CO / CO₂ from O₂ or H₂O background
W	1,800 °C	Inert gases, H₂, halogens, freons	Short service life with O₂ applications, generates some CO / CO₂, from O₂ or H₂O background, C causes brittleness
Re	1,800 °C	Inert gases, hydrocarbons, H₂, halogens, freons	Service life around three months due to vaporization of the material, used with hydrocarbons

	PrismaPlus	HiQuad with SEM 217	HiQuad with SEM 218
Detectors	Faraday / C-SEM	Faraday / SEM	Faraday / SEM with conversion dynode
Maximum pressure for Faraday cup	10^-3 hPa	10^-4 hPa	10^-4 hPa
Maximum pressure for SEM, C-SEM	10^-5 hPa	10^-5 hPa	10^-5 hPa
Maximum measuring speed / u	2 ms	125 µs	125 µs
Bake-out temperature (max.)	300 °C	400 °C	400 °C
Counting operation	No	Yes (optional)	Yes (optional)
Detection of positive ions	Yes	Yes	Yes
Detection of negative ions	No	Yes	No

Inlet system	Pressure range	Product example	Characteristics
No pressure reduction	10 ^-12 to 10 ^{- 4} hPa	PrismaPlus QMG 220, HiQuad QMG 700	Open construction ion sources to allow gas from anywhere in the system to be represented in the ionizer volume.
SPM ion source	10 ^{- 9} to 10 hPa	PrismaPlus SPM 220, HiQuad SPM 700	Special ion source for analyzing sputter processes. This system analyzes gas directly at the sputter pressure of 10^-2 hPa with no pressure reduction.
Capillary inlet	100 to 1,100 hPa, depending on the capillary length and the downstream orifice	OmniStar, ThermoStar, Inlet system GES 020 and GES 010	Differentially pumped inlet system, low mass discrimination, not suitable for varying sample pressures
Orifice inlet	0.01 to 10 hPa, as a function of orifice diameter	PrismaPlus HPA 220	Orifices with diameters of 0.01 to 0.5 mm, simple, robust design, mass discrimination, changing inlet pressure possible with various orifice diameters, not suitable for fast-changing gas compositions
Dosing valve	0.1 to 1,000 hPa	PrismaPlus HPA 220, Gas dosing valves UDV 040, UDV 146	Dosing valves are suitable for gas inlets over a very broad measurement range, differentially pumped valves also allow analysis of rapidly changing gas compositions
Pressure-regulated gas inlet	10 ^{- 3} to 1,000 hPa	EVR 016 with RVC 300, OmniStar with pressure-regulated inlet	Differentially pumped inlet system, comprising a control loop with regulating valve and pressure measurement, relatively large dead volume, slow response